Hypertension~

5 risk factor for hypertension

1) Hypertension
2) Cigarette smoking
3) Physical inactivity
4) Diabetes Mellitus
5) Dyslipidaemia

5 fundoscopic changes in severe hypertension

1) Hemorrhages
2) Exudates
3) Papilloedema
4) Arteriolar narrowing
5) Swollen optic nerve

5 causes of secondary hypertension

1) Sleep apnoea
2) Acromegaly
3) Coarctation of aorta
4) Chronic kidney disease
5) Thyroid or parathyroid disease

5 classes of antihypertensive medication

1) ACE inhibitors
2) Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
3) Beta-blockers
4) Calcium Channel Blockers
5) Diuretics

5 features of malignant hypertension

1) Numbness of the arms, legs, face or other areas
2) Changes in mental status – confusion, decreased alertness
3) Seizure
4) Shortness of breath
5) Blurred vision

5 investigations in primary hypertension with reason

1) ECG – left ventricular hypertrophy ( target organ damage)
2) Fasting blood sugar – diabetes (risk factor)
3) Renal function test – chronic kidney disease ( target organ damage)
4) Lipid profile – Dyslipidaemia (risk factor)
5) Chest X ray – heart failure ( target organ damage)

List 2 medication that is preferred in

1) Hypertension + diabetes – ACEi & ARB
2) Hypertension + ischemic heart disease – ACEi & Beta-blockers
3) Hypertension + congestive heart failure – diuretic & ACEi
4) Hypertension + chronic renal failure – ACEi & ARB
5) Hypertension + hypertensive crisis – CCB & Beta-blockers

5 complications of hypertension

1) Left ventricular hypertrophy
2) Angina or myocardial infarction
3) Heart failure
4) Chronic kidney disease
5) Stroke/ transient ischemic attack

5 pathophysiological changes that increase blood pressure

5 advices to patient with hypertension on discharge

1) If you are overweight, try to lose weight
2) Reduce salt intake
3) Exercise regularly
4) Moderate alcohol intake
5) Stop smoking

5 common side effect of hypertension and which class it associated with

1) Diuretics – hypokalemia
2) Beta-blockers – erectile dysfunction
3) Calcium channel blocker – ankle oedema
4) ACEi - cough
5) Alpha-1-adrenergic blockers – postural hypotension

5 drugs to prevent recurrent stroke

1) ACEi
2) Diuretic
3) ARB
4) Warfarin
5) Aspirin

5 different types of cerebrovascular accident

1) Subarachnoid hemorrhage
2) Subdural hemorrhage
3) Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
4) Epidural hemorrhage
5) Ischemic stroke

5 signs of overdose antihypertensive

1) Bradycardia
2) Hypotension
3) Altered mental status
4) Seizures
5) Angioedema (ACEi)

Nursemaid's elbow~

• sudden traction
• radial head sublaxation
  

Osgood-Schlatter disease~

• tibial tubercle apophyseal traction injury
• rupture of the growth plate at the tibial tuberosity
• tibial tubercle hurt
• caused by overuse

Baker's cyst~

• popliteal cyst
• non-pulsatile swelling
• posterior aspect of the knee
• Ddx - lipoma, aneurysm, neuroma & rarely tumor

Pes planus~

• flat feet

Scoliosis~

• physical examination - Adams test (forward bending)

SCFE~

• Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (also known as "Slipped upper femoral epiphysis")
• referring to a fracture through the physis (the growth plate), which results in slippage of the overlying epiphysis
• a/w obesity, deficient gonadal development & hypothyroidism

DDH~

• developmental dysplasia of the hip
• patients who are born with dislocation or instability of the hip, which may then result in hip dysplasia

Legg-Calve-Perthes~

• avascular necrosis of femoral head
• X-ray - wide articular surface, then necrosis - flattened femoral head - later becomes spherical

Talipes~

Moro Reflex~

Caput succedaneum~

• swelling of the scalp
• involves presenting part
• caused by the pressure exerted on the part during labor and delivery
• involving the scalp only
• crosses suture lines
• resolves quickly over several days

Cephalhematoma~

• subperiosteal bleed
• limited to bone
• does not cross suture line
• a/w overlying non-depressed skull fracture
• slow bleeders - not present at birth
• increase in size in few days
• a rim can be felt around the edge
• resolve spontaneously over several months
• can be fooled by bilateral cephalhematomas
• common cause of jaundice

Cafe-au-lait spots~

• tan or light brown lesions
• can occur anywhere
• vary in size
• sharply demarcated

Nevus sebaceus (of Jodassohn)~

• seen in infancy
• yellow-orange plaques resembling flat warts
• located on scalp
• have potential to become malignant
• usually removed

Capillary (Strawberry) hemangiomas~

• macular lesions
• quickly grow in the 1st year of life
• occur anywhere
• bright red, reminiscent of a strawberry
• tx not necessary
• regress spontaneously
• + stridor - subglottic hemangioma

Salmon Patch~

• seen over the eyelids, glabella, nuchal area
• flat vascular lesion
• disappear with time
• DDx - Port wine stains (permanent & unilateral)
• becomes darker red when cries

Neonatal Acne~

• response to circulating androgenic hormones
• rarely require therapy

Cutis marmorata~

• vasomotor response to cold stress
• lacy pattern - cobblestone
• seen in trisomy 21, trisomy 18

Milia~

• small inclusion cyst and are pearly white
• in mouth - known as Epstein's pearls

Erythema Toxicum~

• small papules / pustules
• NOT in 1st day of life
• if scraped - fulls with eosinophil
• DDx: SSSS (stapylococcal scalded skin syndrome)
• How to differentiate? SSSS - if scraped, full with neutrophil, infant looks very ill, Nikolsky sign (gentle stroking of the skin causes the skin to separate at the epidermis)

Mongolian Spot~

• Usually at presacral area
• Ddx: bruise
• How to differentiate? Bruise - fade into surrounding skin, Mongolian spot - obvious different colour