Why?

Wallahi it was the most painful thing that ever happen to me..

I already faced so many things in life, but that was the things that i regretted most...

Why all these things happened to me?

How lucky i was if i am not alive to see all these....

Ya rabb, please give me strength to face all these...

Hypertension~

5 risk factor for hypertension

1) Hypertension
2) Cigarette smoking
3) Physical inactivity
4) Diabetes Mellitus
5) Dyslipidaemia

5 fundoscopic changes in severe hypertension

1) Hemorrhages
2) Exudates
3) Papilloedema
4) Arteriolar narrowing
5) Swollen optic nerve

5 causes of secondary hypertension

1) Sleep apnoea
2) Acromegaly
3) Coarctation of aorta
4) Chronic kidney disease
5) Thyroid or parathyroid disease

5 classes of antihypertensive medication

1) ACE inhibitors
2) Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
3) Beta-blockers
4) Calcium Channel Blockers
5) Diuretics

5 features of malignant hypertension

1) Numbness of the arms, legs, face or other areas
2) Changes in mental status – confusion, decreased alertness
3) Seizure
4) Shortness of breath
5) Blurred vision

5 investigations in primary hypertension with reason

1) ECG – left ventricular hypertrophy ( target organ damage)
2) Fasting blood sugar – diabetes (risk factor)
3) Renal function test – chronic kidney disease ( target organ damage)
4) Lipid profile – Dyslipidaemia (risk factor)
5) Chest X ray – heart failure ( target organ damage)

List 2 medication that is preferred in

1) Hypertension + diabetes – ACEi & ARB
2) Hypertension + ischemic heart disease – ACEi & Beta-blockers
3) Hypertension + congestive heart failure – diuretic & ACEi
4) Hypertension + chronic renal failure – ACEi & ARB
5) Hypertension + hypertensive crisis – CCB & Beta-blockers

5 complications of hypertension

1) Left ventricular hypertrophy
2) Angina or myocardial infarction
3) Heart failure
4) Chronic kidney disease
5) Stroke/ transient ischemic attack

5 pathophysiological changes that increase blood pressure

5 advices to patient with hypertension on discharge

1) If you are overweight, try to lose weight
2) Reduce salt intake
3) Exercise regularly
4) Moderate alcohol intake
5) Stop smoking

5 common side effect of hypertension and which class it associated with

1) Diuretics – hypokalemia
2) Beta-blockers – erectile dysfunction
3) Calcium channel blocker – ankle oedema
4) ACEi - cough
5) Alpha-1-adrenergic blockers – postural hypotension

5 drugs to prevent recurrent stroke

1) ACEi
2) Diuretic
3) ARB
4) Warfarin
5) Aspirin

5 different types of cerebrovascular accident

1) Subarachnoid hemorrhage
2) Subdural hemorrhage
3) Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
4) Epidural hemorrhage
5) Ischemic stroke

5 signs of overdose antihypertensive

1) Bradycardia
2) Hypotension
3) Altered mental status
4) Seizures
5) Angioedema (ACEi)

Nursemaid's elbow~

• sudden traction
• radial head sublaxation
  

Osgood-Schlatter disease~

• tibial tubercle apophyseal traction injury
• rupture of the growth plate at the tibial tuberosity
• tibial tubercle hurt
• caused by overuse

Baker's cyst~

• popliteal cyst
• non-pulsatile swelling
• posterior aspect of the knee
• Ddx - lipoma, aneurysm, neuroma & rarely tumor

Pes planus~

• flat feet

Scoliosis~

• physical examination - Adams test (forward bending)